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KMID : 0895920160180030147
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Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing
2016 Volume.18 No. 3 p.147 ~ p.158
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Nonverbal Pain Measurement for Elders: A Literature Review
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Lee Kyung-Mi
Song Jun-Ah
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Abstract
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Purpose: The aim of this study was to review studies on nonverbal pain measurement for elderly people.
Methods: Through a literature search of the databases including RISS, Medline, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, a total of 41 studies published between January 2000 and June 2016 were identified. A comprehensive review was performed guided by a framework developed by the researchers.
Results: Nine nonverbal pain measurement scales that were mentioned more than twice in the selected studies were identified. Facial expression, verbalization and vocalization, and body movements were categories presented in all of the scales. The Pain Assessment In Advanced Dementia Scale (PAINAD) was most frequently reported in studies and the Pain Assessment Checklist for Seniors with Limited Ability to Communicate (PACSLAC) showed the highest internal consistency (Cronbach's ?=.73~.92) while the Doloplus-2 showed the highest inter-rater reliability (r=.77~.97) and the PAINAD and the highest concurrent validity (r=.65~.95).
Conclusion: The PAINAD, PACSLAC, and Doloplus-2 are useful scales for use with elders. However, it is difficult to conclude which scale is the most appropriate because of insufficient evidence. More methodological studies are necessary to examine reliability, validity and clinical utility of the measures identified above.
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KEYWORD
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Aged, Pain measurement, Review
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